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Recommended Sheep/Goat Analgesic & Anesthetic Agents Not Recommended: Pentobarbital (Nembutal), Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Fentanyl & Droperidol (Innovar-Vet) A withdrawal time (WT) is the interval after dosing for all tissue concentrations of a drug or its metabolites to decrease to below a specifi c concentration estab-lished as safe for human consumption by the regula-tory agency involved (Riviere et al. 1998). For labeled drugs in the United States, the meat WT is the time required for 99% of treated animals to achieve drug concentrations in SHEEP AND GOAT FORMULARY Note that all of these doses are approximations and must be titrated to the animal’s strain, age, sex and individual responses. Significant departures from these doses should be discussed with a veterinarian. Doses will also vary depending on what other drugs are being administered concurrently. All doses are listed as milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) unless otherwise The use of gabapentin in small ruminants has not been described in the literature. Anecdotally, it appears to offer analgesia to ruminants experiencing neuropathic pain, and the pharmacokinetics have been described in beef and dairy cattle. 2,3 Oral gabapentin at a dosage of 5 mg/kg once daily has been used to manage recurrent neck and shoulder pain in a camel, which was unresponsive to Subcutaneous nalbuphine (1 mg/kg) resulted in analgesia within 30 minutes in sheep. Transdermal fentanyl (patch) can provide steady analgesia for 2-3 days. Gabapentin has been used anecdotally with success for chronic pain management. Sedation and anesthesia Small ruminants are typically amenable to dog-like restraint, especially when sick. Small ruminants are increasing in popularity as both production and companion animals in the United States. Among sheep, goats, and camelids, there are many disease processes and management techniques that have the potential to result in painful or noxious stimuli. In these species, many medications and therapeutic techniques can be used to reduce or eliminate the long-term consequences of Pain management Pre-treatment before painful procedures provides more analgesia than after robust pain sensations develop Abstract Small ruminants are increasing in popularity as both production and companion animals in the United States. Among sheep, goats, and camelids, there are many disease processes and management techniques that have the potential to result in painful or noxious stimuli. In these species, many medications and therapeutic techniques can be used to reduce or eliminate the long-term The purpose of this lecture is to describe the mechanisms of pain as well as a systematic approach to "refractory" patients management, including the practical aspects of pain assessment and the use of new drugs and dosage regimens. Analgesics for Chronic Pain in Dogs Paracetamol (acetaminophen) 10–15 mg/kg PO q 8 hr for 5 days. Abstract Sheep (Ovis aries) are widely used as large animal models in biomedical research. However, current literature on the use of analgesics in sheep generally focuses on an industry or farm level of use. This structured review evaluates use and efficacy of analgesics administered to sheep in a biomedical research setting. Electronic databases were searched with terms related to analgesia Gabapentin (10 mg/kg, PO, every 12 hours) is a calcium channel blocker used to inhibit neurons stimulated by pain; it is useful for treatment of animals with chronic or neuropathic pain. Dexmedetomidine and medetomidine are newer analgesic-sedative, alpha-2-receptor blocking agents useful to facilitate examinations or diagnostic evaluations. Species and individual variation in response to a drug or combination of drugs can be uncertain, so the dosage should be adjusted depending on the clinical response of the animal. Pharmacokinetic studies investigating oral administration of gabapentin in ruminant calves resulted in plasma concentrations greater than those in humans following treatment with a therapeutic dose (Coetzee et al. 2011). A recent survey of veterinarians found that 69% of respondents prescribe gabapentin daily or weekly, most commonly for acute and chronic pain. 5 Despite this popularity, gabapentin has a similarly narrow indication for use in veterinary medicine, and current prescribing practices warrant further scrutiny. Others Gabapentin Gabapentin (1- (aminomethyl) cyclohexane acetic acid) is a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue originally developed for the treatment of spastic disorders and epilepsy. Subsequent studies have established that gabapentin is also effective for the management of chronic pain of inflammatory of neuropathic origin. Figure 2 Mean serum concentrations of gabapentin [Gabapentin] in goats following oral administration of 10 mg kge1unencapsulated gabapentin dissolved in 10 mL of water. What other information is important for this medication? imal competitions. Check rules and regulations before entering your animal in a competition while this medication is e gabapentin dose. Antacids can reduce the amount of g If you have any other questions about this medication, contact your veterinarian or pharmacist. Other local agents Bupivacaine – 0.25% to 0.5% solutions Dose = 1 - 2 mg/kg In sheep undergoing castration, lignocaine appears to provide more benefit than for cattle and pigs, although the picture is muddied by a range of animal age, dose rates, administration routes and reporting protocols being used in published studies. In sheep undergoing castration, lignocaine appears to provide more benefit than for cattle and pigs, although the picture is muddied by a range of animal age, dose rates, administration routes and reporting protocols being used in published studies.
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